SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS

    

Source form: PCTOC, 2009

    Somatic embryogenesis is the process of forming plant embryos from somatic cells or body cells (not reproductive cells) (Yusnita, 2022). Somatic embryos that form indirectly occur through an intermediate phase by forming callus and reverting to meristematic from differentiated cells. The stages of somatic embryogenesis include:

• Induction: Somatic cells undergo dedifferentiation into embryogenic cells.
• Proliferation: Embryogenic cells undergo active cell division.
• Embryoid Body Formation: Formation of embryo-like structures, called embryoid bodies.

    Types of somatic embryogenesis can be divided into zygotic (from zygotes), non-zygotic (from somatic cells), and somatic embryogenesis in polyploid plants. The advantages of this technique include the production of plants with superior traits, plant regeneration from tissues that are difficult to culture, and mass production of plants.

    The factors that can affect somatic embryogenesis according to (Wardana, 2017) are: 

• Plant genotypes: The type of plant and its variety affect the success of somatic embryogenesis
• Explant source: The type and condition of the explants, such as leaves, stems, or callus, affect somatic embryogenesis.
• Media composition: The composition of the medium used, such as Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, affects somatic embryogenesis
• Growth regulators: Growth regulators such as auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin affect somatic embryogenesis.
• Cell physiological state: The physiological state of the cell, such as hormonal and nutrient conditions, affects somatic embryogenesis
• Culture techniques: In vitro culture techniques, such as induction and expression processes, affect somatic embryogenesis

REFERENCES:

Santos, M. R. A. dos, & Paz, E. S. (2016). Effect of 2,4-D on callus induction in leaf explants of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.). International Journal of Current Research, 8(09), 38688–38691. (Santos & Paz, 2016).

Wardana, S. T. (2017). Induksi Kalus Embriogenetik Bawang Putih (Allium Sativum L,) Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Penelitian Sains, (15).

Yusnita, Y. (2022). Embriogenesis Somatik In Vitro Untuk Perbanyakan Klonal Dan Pemuliaan Tanaman